Environmental Changes causes our behavior changes by KAINAT MUNIBA KHAN

Many scientific researches have shown an obvious fact, that the behavior of a human being is created by the environment. If genes predispose a certain behavior but the environment doesn’t support it, then that behavior won’t manifest, so in this case, genes aren’t important.”

How The Environment Shapes Human Behavior.

We live in a remarkable time the age of genomics. Your genome is the entire sequence of your DNA. Your sequence and mine are slightly different. That’s why we look different. I’ve got brown eyes you might have blue, or gray; but it’s not just skin-deep. The headlines tell us that genes can give us scary diseases, maybe even shape our personality, or give us mental disorders. Our genes seem to have awesome power over our destinies, and yet, I would like to think that I am more than my genes. Likewise, every connectome changes over time. What kind of changes happen? Neurons, like trees, can grow new branches, and then can lose old ones. Synapses can be created, and then can be eliminated; And synapses can grow larger, and they can grow smaller. 2nd question: What causes these changes? It’s true; to some extent, they are programmed by your genes. But that’s not the whole story, because there are signals: electrical signals, that travel along the branches of neurons, and chemical signals, that jump across from branch to branch. These signals are called neural activity. And there’s a lot of evidence that neural activity is encoding our thoughts, feelings, and perceptions, our mental experiences. And there’s a lot of evidence that neural activity can cause your connections to change. If you put those two facts together, it means that your experiences can change your connectome. And that’s why every connectome is unique, even those of genetically identical twins. The connectome is where nature meets nurture. And it might be true that just the mere act of thinking can change your connectome; an idea that you may find empowering. Think about the way you act, your facial expression, the values accepted by you, the way you talk, everything, and remember that they are a result of your environment.” How The Environment Shapes Human Behavior. Example

(Louann Brizendine, neuropsychiatrist and author of The Female Brain (2006) and The Male Brain (2010), recorded at Dominican University of California, March 31, 2010) The nature nurture debate … is dead … for the following reason: the brain is very, very malleable. We’re all born with male or female predispositions, and then we’ll have hormones that increase that circuitry for behavior, which is what a hormone is supposed to do. A hormone’s job is to make us predisposed to certain behaviors. However, the way we’re raised, for example, little boys: Studies have shown that little boys who were told they’re not supposed to touch something, they often will grab it and touch it, whereas a little girl can be given a verbal demand not to touch it. Little boys worldwide are punished more frequently for transgressions. Little boys are told not to cry, that they’re supposed to “man-up,” right? Even at a young age, dads sometimes are very, very scared if their little boy is showing any version of effeminate behaviors. For example, I remember flying coast to coast with a guy who sat next to me. He said his 18 month old son, when he saw his 4 year old sister open a present earlier that week, which was a purse, he said, ‘Oh, can I have a purse too?’ And he said he found himself, like someone had kicked him in the stomach, and he just yelled at his eighteen month old son, ‘No, boys don’t have purses!’ He was reporting to me this event, and he felt so ashamed and embarrassed afterwards, because he realized that his little boy wasn’t expressing anything about being effeminate or not. So the way we raise little boys, and we raise little girls, our brain circuits are so malleable. For example, we weren’t born learning to play the piano, right? You do practice, practice, practice. You can retrain brain circuits, to do a variety of things. All of our life, we are trained, gender trained, to be more one way or the other. Males: facial expressions for example, when they measure them and put electrodes on them, and show them a grizzly photograph that is supposed to make you cringe and emotional, their facial expressions, versus females, actually showed more emotional response in the time before it becomes conscious. Then right after the one second level when it becomes conscious, their facial muscles start to freeze down for frowning or smiling. In females, facial muscles actually amplify, and the males’ go down. Scientists believe, the hypothesis is, that the males have been trained to suppress an emotional feeling. There is no such thing as: bad, criminal, lazy, brilliant people, thieves or racists. Only people predisposed to such behavior. But if the environment doesn’t trigger them, the behavior never manifests.” How The Environment Shapes Human Behavior. Example

The most extreme case is represented by feral children. A feral child is a human child who has lived isolated from human contact from a very young age, and has no (or little) experience of human care, loving or social behavior, and, crucially, of human language. Feral children lack the basic social skills which are normally learned in the process of enculturation. For example, they may be unable to learn to use a toilet, have trouble learning to walk upright and display a complete lack of interest in human activity around them. Oxana Malaya began her life living with dogs, rejected by her mother and father. She somehow survived for six years, living wild, before being taken into care. There are few cases of feral children who’ve been able to fully compensate for the neglect they’ve suffered. Oxana is now 22, but her future still hangs in the balance. Have scientists learned enough from previous cases to rehabilitate? For six years, Oxana Malaya spent her life, living in a kennel, with dogs. Totally abandoned by her mother and father, she was discovered, behaving more like an animal, than a human child. For two centuries, wild children have been the object of fascinating study. Raised without love, or social interaction, wild (or feral) children pose the question: What is it that makes us human?”

Environmental Issues and Orange Line train Lahore by KAINAT MUNIBA KHAN

Environment activists have turned down as inadequate remedies proposed for air pollution during the construction of the Orange Line Metro Train in the environment impact assessment (EIA) report of the project. A very responsible person of the Lahore Bachao Teheek says the report lacks mention of increased particulate matter along the route during construction of the track. He says construction work and traffic congestion will contribute to an increase in particulate matter, contributing to air pollution. He says the report proposes use of polythene curtains or fences at the construction site to prevent air pollution. However, he says such measures are incapable of checking particulate matter.

He says this problem will be particularly acute in densely populated areas like Lakshmi Chowk and the surroundings of the Shalamar Gardens.

Mr Araiz Ahmad, a resident of a neighbourhood near Shalamar Gardens, says the government had recently undertaken construction work in the area to establish a signal-free corridor for vehicular traffic. He says it will now dig up the road again to lay the track for the Orange Line train. “This reflects poor planning,” he adds.

Nasim ur Rehman Shah, Deputy Director at the Environment Protection Department, says the department is consulting experts to ensure that the project is implemented in an environment-friendly manner. He says a public hearing on the EIA is scheduled for June 30 , 2016 The EIA report states that 620 trees along the route will need to be cut for the construction of the track. It says that the Punjab Metro Bus Authority (PMA) and the Parks and Horticultural Authority (PHA) will plant 6,200 trees as a replacement. It says plants will be selected in view of their ability to absorb carbon emissions. The report mentions contamination of ground water, impact on soil, and noise and air pollution as issues that can arise during the construction of the track. It proposes to set up an environment committee to receive and redress grievances of residents of areas in the vicinity of the construction site. The Orange Line train will run on a 26.23 km long track. The major portion of the track will be elevated (24.38 km). A 1.15 km portion of the track will be underground. The average distance between stations is 1.02 km – maximum distance is 1.54 km (between Sultanpura and City Railway Station) and the minimum 0.59 km (between City Centre to Anarkali). The route will begin at Dera Gujran in the north. It will pass GT Road, City Railway Station, Lakshami Chowk, McLoed Road, Lake Road, Chauburji before heading southwest. It will run parallel to the Multan Road and pass Gulshan-i-Ravi, Samanabad, Sabzazar, Wahdat Colony and Hanjerwal. From Thokar Niaz Beg, the track will turn towards Raiwind Road where it will at Ali Town. The construction will be completed in 27 months.

How Are We Changing the Physical Environment of Earth’s Surface? by KAINAT MUNIBA KHAN

Accelerated human modification of the landscape and human-driven climate changes are fundamentally altering Earth’s surface processes and creating ecological challenges that scientists and policy makers are struggling to address.

The environmental impacts of human activity are expected to increase as the climate continues to warm and as the world becomes progressively more populated, industrialized, and urbanized. Scientific research has generally succeeded in documenting the magnitude of these biophysical changes, including habitat loss and fragmentation, soil erosion, biodiversity loss, and water depletion and degradation. Yet the exact processes leading to these changes are still not adequately understood and quantified, and we still lack the best methods and techniques for detecting, measuring, and analyzing global change. Soil erosion provides a prime example to understand what is at stake. Although a natural process, soil erosion has greatly accelerated globally due to cultivation, deforestation, and a host of other land-use practices (Montgomery, 2007a,b; Figure 1.1). Increased soil erosion generates sediment supply that often exceeds the transport capacity of stream systems, leading to vast sediment storage on channel beds, on hillslopes, and in floodplains. This historical sedimentation has already had significant impacts on channel processes, aquatic systems, and fisheries (Waters, 1995; NRC, 2004). Moreover, these legacy sediments represent a future risk because they can be remobilized and introduced into aquatic systems even following landscape amelioration (Walter and Merrits, 2008). Anticipated climate change will heighten the human impact on the physical environment in many places. Predicting the magnitude and timing of these future impacts remains uncertain, but measurable changes have already occurred climatically (Elsner et al., 2008) and hydrologically over the past few decades, with earlier ice-out dates, reduced magnitudes of spring runoff and summer low flows, and changes in the timing of peak streamflows (Hodgkins et al., 2002, 2003; Huntington et al., 2003, 2004). Future climate change will likely bring greater hydrological and ecological shifts nationally and globally, with potentially profound impacts on water availability (Arnell, 2004; Milly et al., 2005; IPCC, 2007). Earth surface changes, then, frequently raise resource management challenges, prompting efforts at ecological restoration, and environmental legislation often requires communities or other stakeholders to restore stream channels or wetlands. Yet it is uncertain how, and under what circumstances, most disturbed natural systems can recover, and even less is known about the baseline conditions that may potentially guide restoration efforts. Despite the development of a billion-dollar-a-year restoration industry, the science of watershed restoration is still in its infancy (Wohl et al., 2005; Walter and Merrits, 2008). Large uncertainties remain in other aspects of wetland and river restoration as well, including the ecological and economic tradeoffs of structural (“hard”) vs. nonstructural (“soft”) approaches and, more importantly, the metrics, goals, and time frames for guiding and achieving watershed restoration.

Why is Environmental Education Important? by KAINAT MUNIBA KHAN

Why is Environmental Education Important? Our nation’s future relies on a well-educated public to be wise stewards of the very environment that sustains us, our families and communities, and future generations. It is environmental education which can best help us as individuals make the complex, conceptual connections between economic prosperity, benefits to society, environmental health, and our own well being. Ultimately, the collective wisdom of our citizens, gained through education, will be the most compelling and most successful strategy for environmental management (1).

Yet studies consistently reveal that the U.S. public suffers from a tremendous environmental literacy gap that appears to be increasing rather than decreasing. For example, two-thirds of the public fail even a basic environmental quiz (2) and a whopping 88 percent of the public fail a basic energy quiz (3). These same studies found that 45 million Americans think the ocean is a source of fresh water and 130 million believe that hydropower is America's top energy source. A. Environmental education increases student engagement in science. In our schools, research has shown enormous benefits from environmental education. When integrated into a science curriculum, environmental education demonstrably improves student achievement in science (4). Such an increase is likely due to the fact that environmental education connects classroom learning to the real world. Students, when given a choice, will gravitate towards environmental science. Science fair administrators note that 40 percent of all science fair projects relate directly to the environment, and the Corporation for National and Community Service reports that more than 50 percent of the service-learning programs they fund are focused on the environment. The relative lack of environmental education in the U.S is one leading cause for why our students’ performance in science compared to other countries does not meet our expectations (see "The Influence of Environmental Education on U.S. Performance in TIMSS vs. NAEP" included in this book). B. Environmental education improves student achievement in core subject areas. When integrated into the core curricula or used as an integrating theme across the curriculum, environmental education has a measurably positive impact not only on student achievement in science, but also in reading (sometimes spectacularly), math, and social studies (5). The same study found that schools that taught the core subjects using the environment as an integrating context also demonstrated: reduced discipline and classroom management problems; increased engagement and enthusiasm for learning; and, greater student pride and ownership in accomplishments. Even more importantly for many, environmental education employs and enhances critical thinking and basic life skills. The National Science Board of the National Science Foundation confirmed the importance of environmental education to student learning in their 2000 report, Environmental Science and Engineering for the 21st Century: "The twin goals of learning are to acquire knowledge and gain skills such as problem solving, consensus building, information management, communication, and critical and creative thinking. Environmental issues offer excellent vehicles for developing and exercising many of these skills using a systems approach…changes should be made in the formal educational system to help all students, educators, and educational administrators learn about the environment, the economy, and social equity as they relate to all academic disciplines and their daily lives." Likewise, the 2005 Report to Congress submitted by the National Environmental Education Advisory Council on the status of environmental education in the United States finds that "environmental education – with its emphasis on critical thinking, interdisciplinary teaching, and learner achievement – is also helping to meet educational reform goals." C. Environmental education provides critical tools for a 21st century workforce. The vast majority of Americans are convinced that the environment will become at least one of the dominant issues and challenges of the 21st century, as the growing needs of the growing global population increasingly presses up against the limits of the earth’s resources and ecosystems. The National Science Foundation’s Advisory Committee for Environmental Research and Education confirmed this in a 2003 report, noting that "in the coming decades, the public will more frequently be called upon to understand complex environmental issues, assess risk, evaluate proposed environmental plans and understand how individual decisions affect the environment at local and global scales. Creating a scientifically informed citizenry requires a concerted, systematic approach to environmental education..." (6) At the same time, business leaders increasingly believe that an environmentally literate workforce is critical to their long term success and profitability, with better environmental practices and improved efficiencies impacting positively on the bottom line while helping to better position and prepare their companies for the future. Charles O. Holliday, Jr., Chairman and CEO of DuPont, speaks for a growing number of his peers in declaring that: "an environmentally sustainable business is just good business, given the growing concern for environmental problems across America. A key component of an environmentally sustainable business is a highly educated work force, particularly involving environmental principles." As one example on the micro scale, the National Environmental and Training Foundation estimates that environmental education about topics such as energy, water and waste management, improved employee health, cleaner working conditions, and recycling would save small and medium sized businesses alone at least $25 billion/year. D. Environmental Education helps address "nature deficit disorder." A recent study found that children today spend an average of 6 hours each day in front of the computer and TV but less than 4 minutes a day in unstructured outdoor play, leading researchers to discover a new condition specific to this current generation that they have called "nature deficit disorder." This extreme emphasis of indoor time spent in front of screens versus outdoor play and discovery has been correlated with negative psychological and physical effects including obesity, loneliness, depression, attention problems and greater social isolation due to reduced time with friends and family. What do increased study of science and nature and its increased outdoor time accomplish? Especially in the very young, it has proved in studies extremely beneficial for cognitive functioning, reduced symptoms of attention deficit disorder, increased self-discipline and emotional well-being.

Environmental terrorism by KAINAT MUNIBA KHAN

There are academic and semantic difficulties in defining "terrorism" and specifically "environmental terrorism", but discussions of environmental terrorism are growing with a focus on identifying possible risks to natural resources or environmental features. Some,[2] including in the military argue that attacks on natural resources can now cause more deaths, property damage, political chaos, and other adverse effects than in previous years.

Chalecki distinguishes between environmental terrorism and eco-terrorism. She notes that environmental terrorism can be defined "as the unlawful use of force against in situ environmental resources so as to deprive populations of their benefit(s) and/or destroy other property". In contrast, eco-terrorism is the destruction of property in the interest of saving the environment from human encroachment and destruction.[4] More concisely, environmental terrorism involves targeting natural resources. Eco-terrorism involves targeting the built environment such as roads, buildings and trucks, in defense of natural resources. Other analysts may fail to distinguish between these different threats.[5] Eco-terrorism The term eco-terrorism has been used in the media to refer to environmental terrorism. Usually however eco-terrorism refers to violence done to persons or property in the name of the environment or environmental causes

MATHEMATICS & THE ENVIRONMENT by KAINAT MUNIBA KHAN

We see a diversity of waves in our everyday experience. Electromagnetic waves carry television and radio to our homes, ultrasound waves are used to monitor the growth of a baby in the mother's womb, and a variety of waves on the surfaces of rivers, lakes and oceans affect the coastal environment. Mathematical models help us understand these disparate phenomena. Many wave phenomena are characterized by a simple oscillation like a hand-waving greeting. Seen from across a football stadium, such a wave executed by human bodies appears to propagate around the stadium, and this is how sound waves carry your voice across a room. Other wave phenomena are more complex, often involving nonlinear interactions. A special type of wave which can propagate over long distances without significant dispersal, the solitary wave, was first observed by Scott Russell in 1844 on the surface of a canal. Often initiated by mid-ocean earthquakes, but also susceptible to creation by human error, similar waves propagate across oceans at the speed of a commercial jet and cause devastation when they collide with solid shores. Dubbed the tsunami by the Japanese who must contend with their destructive effects, these waves can propagate undetected due to their large wavelength and small amplitude. However, decreasing depth near a shoreline causes them to transform into huge waves that can inundate a coastal region. Their special form allows them to move over great distances without being dispersed as quickly as other waves. Mathematics plays a key role in environmental studies, modeling, etc. Basic mathematics - calculus, percents, ratios, graphs and charts, sequences, sampling, averages, a population growth model, variability and probability - all relate to current, critical issues such as pollution, the availability of resources, environmental clean-up, recycling, CFC's, and population growth. A Pakistani Mathematician Muhammad Naveed Jafar recently write an article on 'APPLICATION OF SACNHEZ APPROACH TO DISEASE IDENTIFICATION USING TRAPEZOIDAL FUZZY NUMBERS' and now a days he is working on mathematical envoirnmental science , here the picture of that pakistani Mathematician is

Fred Roberts - Department of Mathematics, Rutgers University Moving Traffic So As To Use Less Fuel and Reduce Pollution Two of the ways in which mathematics is used in traffic management are in the phasing of traffic lights and in the design of patterns of one-way streets. Mathematical methods first developed in the early stages of sequencing the DNA molecule have turned out to be useful in deciding when to give different streams of traffic a green light. Related mathematical methods are useful in deciding how to make streets one-way so as to move traffic more efficiently. The health and welfare of Earth relies in large part on the ability to accurately understand and interpret mathematical environmental data in critical areas, such as pollution, global warming, recycling, population growth, and weather predicting. At a national mathematics conference held earlier this year, mathematicians reported on their research in these and other environmental areas. They also reported on new undergraduate courses being offered at mathematics departments which focus on how to study environmental issues. Celebrations of Mathematics Awareness Week will feature proclamations from many of the nation's governors, legislators, and mayors. Colleges and universities across the country have planned competitions, exhibits, demonstrations, lectures and other events to mark the week. The power and beauty of mathematics and the environment are symbolized in the ocean wave, featured on this year's poster and accompanying card. Included is the solitary wave equation, based on Scott Russell's observations of the surface of a canal in 1844. Mathematics Awareness Week is coordinated by the Joint Policy Board for Mathematics which represents three national mathematics organizations, the American Mathematical Society, the Mathematical Association of America, and the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.

Benefits of Green Areas & Parks by KAINAT MUNIBA KHAN

City parks and Green Areas/ open spaces improve our physical and psychological health, strengthen our communities, and make our cities and neighbourhoods more attractive places to live and work.

But too few people are able to enjoy these benefits, especially in metropolitan cities. Low income neighborhoods populated by minorities and recent immigrants are especially short of park spaces. From an equity standpoint, there is a strong need to redress this imbalance. Urban Planners and Urban Designers believed the parks would improve public health, relieve stresses of the urban life, and create a democratizing public space where rich and poor would mix on equal terms. By the mid 20 century, city parks and big green areas fell into decline as people inner cities for the suburbs.

Over the past decade, interest in city parks and green areas has revived. Government and civic groups around the country have revitalized run down city parks, community open spaces, built greenways along rivers, and planted gardens in vacant lots. Strong general evidences show that when people have access to parks, they exercise more. Regular physical activity has been shown to increase health and reduce the risk of a wide range of diseases, including heart disease, hypertension, colon cancer, and diabetes. Physical activity also relives symptoms of depression and anxiety, improves mood, and enhance psychological well being. Beyond the benefits of exercise, a growing body of a kid shows that contact with natural world improves physical and psychological health.

Many studies have shown that parks and open space increase the value of neighbouring residential property. Growing evidence points to a similar benefit on commercial property value. The availability of park and recreation facilities is an important quality of life factor for municipal corporations choosing where to locate facilities and for individuals choosing a place to live. Green space in urban areas provides substantial environmental benefits. Trees reduce air pollution and water pollution, they help keep cities cooler, and they are a more effective and less expensive way to manage storm water runoff than building systems of concrete sewers and drainage ditches. City parks and open spaces also produce important social and community development benefits. They make inner city neighbourhoods more liveable; they offer recreational opportunities for at risk youth, low income children, and low income families. Access to public parks and recreational facilities has been strongly linked to reductions in crime. In short the community gardens increase residents sense of community ownership and stewardship, provide a focus for neighbourhood activities, expose inner city youth to nature, connect people from diverse cultures, reduce crime by cleaning up vacant lots, and build community leaders.

The dengue effects by KAINAT MUNIBA KHAN

As dengue spreads its tentacles killing 33 till date only in the city, almost all parks and gardens are fast losing its numbers of visitors, specially morning and evening joggers. Over the last two weeks, the visitor strength is at its lowest ebb, which is unusual in the history of Lahore, which is reckoned “City of Gardens”.

The park-goers have ceased to visit parks and gardens to prevent themselves from dengue mosquitoes, which have turned to be more lethal than terrorists. Despite the fact that Punjab government, in cooperation with the health department, parliamentarians, CDGL, LDA, WASA, PHA and other authorities is engaged in spraying and fogging to curb the spread of dengue, but the terror of dengue is so rampant that even regular visitors have discontinue their visits. Though it is famous phrase that old habits die hard, but in dengue’s case people have changed their old habits of frequenting parks in morning and evening. Zoya, resident of GOR-I, told Pakistan Today that except various catastrophes, dengue had completely changed the people’s lifestyle. “We used to go parks in morning and evening to freshen up and recharge ourselves to remain healthy. Since my school-going age, my father used to take me to parks daily. We also used to jog and enjoy,” he said. However, he said, dengue had snatched all such happiness. Nazia, a regular jogger at Race Course Park, said morning walk introduced to visitors a new world embellished with the emerging sun, peace and tranquility, tweeting of birds, lush green landscape, gorgeous flowers and splendid trees. “I am no more a part of the beautiful world of morning as I can not risk my life at the time dengue is at large,” she said. Khalid Khan at Ghulshan-e-Park said he feared that he left the habit of evening walk after his brother and other relatives who used to visit the park contracted dengue. Aneela Shah, visitor to Nawaz Sharif Park, said she had never seen fumigation being done. She said the park had become a haven for mosquitoes. She said children and the elderly who visited the park were most vulnerable to the viruses the mosquitoes carried. According to senior official of City District Government Lahore (CDGL), there were more than 3000 parks falling under CDGL, Pakistan Horticulture and Horticulture (PHA), Lahore Cantonment Board (LCB), Walton Cantonment Board (WCB), Defense Housing Authority (DHA), Model Town, private housing societies and all nine towns. Unofficial statistics revealed that visitor’s numbers had decreased. Though parks were not totally empty but visitors’ strength had been affected due to dengue threat, he added. PHA additional DG Captain (r) Usman Younis said that dengue’s active time as per the health department was in the morning from 5am to 7am and in the evening from 6pm to 7pm. “Parks are usually crowded with visitors in morning and evening, but now they have been thinned out of people due to dengue,” he added. However, he said that parks were not wearing a deserted look and still people liked to visit the parks. DHA Resident Association president also confirmed that morning and evening walkers had now stopped going to parks. However, he praised DHA administration for all steps taken to check dengue in the area. Model Town Resident Association President Azam Bhakat said that Model Town society administration had failed to fumigate residential areas as well as public places such as parks to kill these mosquitoes. “It seems to depend on change of season to kill the mosquitoes that caused diseases like malaria and dengue,” he added. Sharing Twitter

Causes of Coastal Flooding by KAINAT MUNIBA KHAN

Several factors contribute to coastal floods.

Severe weather events create meteorological conditions that drive up the water level, creating a storm surge. These conditions include strong winds and low atmospheric pressure that can be caused by tropical cyclones (such as hurricanes), by mid-latitude extratropical storms (such as Nor'easters), or by any severe weather conditions. Large waves, whether driven by local winds or swell from distant storms, raise average coastal water levels and can cause large and damaging waves to reach land.

High tide levels are caused by normal variations in the astronomical tide cycle. When a severe storm hits during high tide, the risk of flooding increases significantly. Depending on the storm event, flooding from storm surge may be combined with river flooding from rain in the upland watershed, thus increasing the flood severity. It is important to note that coastal flooding is different from river flooding, which is generally caused by severe precipitation. Other larger scale regional and ocean scale variations, caused by seasonal heating and cooling and ocean dynamics, can contribute to high water levels. Coastal floods are extremely dangerous, and the combination of storm surge, tides, river inflow, and waves can cause severe damage. Total Water Level = Storm Surge + Tide + Waves + Rivers + Other Additional Factors Storm surge is the term used to describe an abnormal rise of water generated by a storm, over and above the predicted astronomical tides or wave conditions. Storm tide describes the water level rise due to the combination of storm surge and the astronomical tide. The total water level from a storm is caused by all contributing factors, including surge, tide, waves, and rivers. This rise in total water level can cause extreme flooding in coastal areas, particularly when storm surge coincides with high tide. This occurrence makes the storm surge even more devastating. THANKS by KAINAT MUNIBA KHAN